美国退出伊核协定（JCPOA）后续更新
IRAN SANCTIONS - U.S. WITHDRAWAL FROM JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION (JCPOA)
美国退出伊核协定（JCPOA）后续更新
来源： 北英保赔协会 @ 2018.05.29
The decision by President Trump announced on 8th May, 2018 to cease the US participation in the JCPOA and to begin re-imposing U.S. nuclear-related sanctions which were lifted to implement the JCPOA, is likely to have significant ramifications for maritime trade with Iran and the insurance of such trade.
美国总统特朗普于2018年5月8日宣布美国退出《联合全面行动计划》(JCPOA)，并将重启根据该协议所撤消的制裁措施，这一决定将可能对涉伊航运以及相关保险业务造成重大影响。
The U.S. Department of the Treasury FAQs issued on 8 May relating to the effect of the re-imposition of US secondary sanctions measures, can be accessed via the web link below.
点击下文链接查看美国财政部2018年5月8日发布的关于重启美国次级制裁的FAQs:
https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/jcpoa_winddown_faqs.pdf
The Group is already engaged with OFAC directly seeking clarification on a number of aspects of the application of the Presidential Memorandum of 8 May including in relation to the continuation of pre-8 May contractual obligations during the “wind-down” period, permitted trade with Iran after the 6 August and 4 November deadlines and in relation to the wind down of the General Licence H arrangements applying to non-US domiciled affiliates and subsidiaries of U.S. domiciled insurers and reinsurers. As the remaining JCPOA partners have reaffirmed their support for the JCPOA, the Group is also engaging with the UK Treasury and with the EU External Action Service in relation to the impact of the US decision, and possible EU measures, on the Clubs and their reinsurers. The position may become more complex in the short-term by virtue of the continued support for the JCPOA by its other signatories and by the recent threat of further sanctions being imposed by the U.S.
国际保赔集团已经与美国财政部海外资产管理办公室（OFAC）取得直接联系，请其对5月8日总统备忘录实施的若干问题进行澄清，具体包括：在缓冲期内继续履行5月8日之前签订的合同项下义务的问题、8月6日和11月4日缓冲期结束后涉伊许可贸易、适用于美国保险人或再保险人的海外子公司或附属机构的 H类通用许可证的变更问题。 鉴于伊核协议的其他各方已经重申其对于伊核协议的支持，国际保赔集团也在与英国财政部以及欧盟对外行动署探讨美国重启制裁对协会及其再保人的影响，以及欧盟可能会采取的应对措施。由于伊核协议的其他签署方已经表示会继续支持该协议，而美国却威胁要施加进一步的制裁措施，因而情况在短期内可能会变得更加复杂。
The U.S. position has reverted to that prior to the relaxation of U.S. nuclear related sanctions on Implementation Day on 16 January 2016 when the JCPOA took effect. Shipowners and charterers who are considering trading to Iran should understand that P&I cover for such trade is unlikely to remain in place where there is a risk that providing insurance risks the imposition of sanctions by the U.S..
美国目前的立场重归2016年1月16日伊核协议实施日之前的状态。因此，有意从事涉伊业务的船东和租家应知悉，由于为这些交易提供保险服务很有可能触发美国制裁，因此协会可能不会承保此类交易。
Calls at Iranian ports 停靠伊朗港口
One potential ramification of the US withdrawal from the JCPOA could be that, in the event of ship detention, Clubs could encounter difficulties putting up security in the context of any claim with an Iran nexus.
美国退出伊核协议的一个潜在影响是，当船舶被滞留时，协会可能无法为涉伊索赔提供担保。
This is particularly relevant if security is required for a major claim relating to Iranian port, since the U.S. will re-impose sanctions against Iran’s port operators, which sanctions provide for penalties against any person who provides “significant financial, material, technological, or other support to, or goods or services in support of any activity or transaction on behalf of or for the benefit of…a person determined to operate a port in Iran.” The ramifications of the re-imposition of secondary sanctions against Iranian ports are uncertain and we are seeking clarification from OFAC on this point.
如果是涉及伊朗港口的大额索赔，这种影响就更为明显，因为美国将重启对伊朗港口经营人的制裁，任何人向“被认定经营伊朗港口的人进行的，或是为其利益而进行的相关活动或交易提供显著的金融、物质、技术或其他支持、货物或服务”，都将受到制裁措施处罚。目前，重启针对伊朗港口的次级制裁的影响还不确定，国际保赔集团将继续联系美国海外资产管理办公室寻求澄清。
The position in relation to calls at Iranian ports under pre-8 May contracts during the wind down period up to 6 August and 4 November 2018 is unclear in a number of respects on which the IG is awaiting clarification and/or guidance from OFAC.
对于根据5月8日之前签订合同中所规定的，在相应缓冲期内（即2018年8月6日之前以及2018年11月4日之前）靠泊伊朗港口的情况，目前还有很多不明确的地方，国际保赔集团正在等待海外资产管理办公室给予澄清和/或指导。
Due to the uncertainty surrounding the application of the re-imposed secondary sanctions against Iranian ports, caution should be exercised in respect of all calls at Iranian ports, especially if they are made under post-8 May contracts and under all transactions after November 4, 2018. Due diligence should be exercised to ensure that neither the cargoes carried nor the parties involved in the transactions offend U.S. sanctions. However, we emphasise that there is at this point no clear guidance from the U.S. authorities on the issue of routine transactions with Iranian port operators.
鉴于针对伊朗港口重新实施的次级制裁还有很多不确定性，所有靠泊伊朗港口的计划都应该被谨慎对待，尤其是根据5月8日以后签定的合同以及根据11月4日之后的交易进行的靠泊。请务必进行尽职调查，以确保承运货物以及交易相关方不违反美国制裁规定。然而，我们要在此强调，目前还没有收到美国当局针对与伊朗港口经营人所进行的常规交易的明确指导。
Party related sanctions 与人员有关的制裁
On JCPOA implementation day in January 2016, hundreds of individuals and entities were removed from the U.S. sanctions lists. These parties will now be relisted no later than 5 November 2018. After their relisting, most of these parties will be subject to secondary sanctions.
在2016年1月伊核协议实施日，数百名个人和实体被移出美国制裁清单。这些人员和实体将在不迟于2018年11月5日的时间被重新纳入制裁名单，在被重新纳入制裁名单之后，这其中的大部分人员和实体都将受到次级制裁的约束。
Maritime activities related to the 90 days’ wind-down period 涉及90天缓冲期的航运活动
From 6 August 2018, the sale, supply or transfer, directly or indirectly, to or from Iran of the following materials: graphite, raw, or semi-finished metals such as aluminum and steel, coal, and software for integrating industrial processes is sanctionable where the material is:
从2018年8月6日起，涉及与伊朗在石墨、铝钢材等金属原料或半成品、煤以及工业集成软件的，直接或间接的，销售、供应或运输行为将受到制裁，前提是这些材料满足以下条件：
l to be used in connection with the energy, shipping or shipbuilding sectors of Iran or any sector of the economy of Iran controlled directly or indirectly by Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps;
l sold, supplied or transferred to or from an Iranian person on the SDN List (other than Iranian financial institutions that have not been designated for the imposition of sanctions);
l to be used in connection with the nuclear, military or ballistic missile programs of Iran.
l 被用于伊朗能源、航运、造船行业或者由伊朗革命卫队直接或者间接控制的伊朗经济领域；
l 向SDN LIST上的伊朗人员销售、供应或者转移上述材料，以及从SDN LIST上的伊朗人员处购买、获得供应或转移上述材料（未被列入制裁清单的伊朗金融机构除外）；
l 被用于伊朗核工业、军事或者弹道******计划。
In addition, from 6 August 2018, the following activities will be subject to the re-imposition of sanctions
此外，从2018年8月6日起，针对以下交易的制裁将被重新启动。
l Iran’s trade in gold or precious metals;
l Significant transactions related to the purchase or sale of Iranian currency, or the maintenance of significant funds or accounts outside the territory of Iran that occurs in Iranian currency;
l The purchase, subscription to, or facilitation of the issuance of Iran sovereign debt;
l Iran’s automotive sector.
l 伊朗黄金及贵金属交易；
l 涉及伊朗货币买卖的重大交易，或伊朗境外以伊朗货币计价的大额资金或账户的维护；
l 购买、认购或为伊朗主权债务发行提供便利的行为；
l 伊朗汽车工业。
Maritime and non-maritime activities related to the 180 days’ wind-down
涉及180天缓冲期的海事及非海事活动
From 4 November 4 2018, U.S. sanctions will be re-imposed on:
从2018年11月4日起，美国将重启针对以下项目的制裁措施：
l Iran’s energy sector;
l Iran’s port operators;
l Iran’s shipping and shipbuilding sectors, including the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL), South Shipping Line, or their affiliates;
l Petroleum related transactions, with, among others, the National Iranian Oil Company (“NIOC”), Naftiran Intertrade Company (“NICO”), and National Iranian Tanker Company (“NITC”) including the purchase of petroleum, petroleum products, or petrochemical products from Iran;
l The provision of underwriting services, insurance, or reinsurance;
l Transactions by foreign financial institutions with the Central Bank of Iran and other foreign financial institutions that have been designated under NDAA Section 1245; and
l The provision of specialized financial messaging services to the Central Bank of Iran and other Iranian financial institutions.
l 伊朗能源行业；
l 伊朗港口经营者；
l 伊朗航运及造船业，包括伊朗伊斯兰共和国航运公司（IRISL）、南方航运公司（SOUTH SHIPPING LINE），以及其附属机构；
l 与伊朗国家石油公司（NIOC）、NAFTIRAN INTERTRADE COMPANY（NICO）以及伊朗国家油轮公司（NITC）从事的石油相关交易，包括从伊朗购买石油、石油产品、石化产品；
l 提供承保服务、保险及再保险；
l 海外金融机构与伊朗中央银行进行的交易，或者海外金融机构与根据NDAA第1245章规定的其他海外金融机构进行的交易；
l 向伊朗中央银行或其他伊朗金融机构提供特别财务信息服务
The U.S. Treasury FAQs has stated that any persons engaged in these activities should take steps necessary to reduce those activities by the end of the wind down periods to avoid exposure to sanctions or enforcement actions.
The wind-down periods permit the winding down of Iranian transactions which had been commenced before 8 May 2018. OFAC FAQ 2.2 addresses the issue of whether, after 8 May 2018, parties can engage in new Iran-related transactions if they will be concluded within the applicable wind-down periods. FAQ 2.2 is less than clear but in informal discussions OFAC has indicated that penalties could be imposed on sanctionable activities entered into after 8 May 8 even if they are concluded within the applicable wind-down period.
美国财政部FAQs（常见问题解答）中阐述道：参与上述交易人员需要在缓冲期之前采取必要措施减少交易数量，以避免遭受制裁或者其他强制措施。 缓冲期的设置使得5月8日之前开始的涉伊交易能够在缓冲期内逐步减少以至结束。
关于5月8日后各交易方可否从事能够在缓冲期内完成的涉伊新交易的问题，虽然海外资产管理办公室（OFAC）发布的《常见问题解答》（FAQs）第2.2条进行了回应，但是语焉不详。在非正式讨论中，海外资产管理办公室表示，5月8日后开展的涉及制裁事项的商业活动即使在缓冲期内完成，仍然可能被施以处罚。
In addition, the U.S. plans to revoke specific and general licenses issued in connection with sanctions relief provided under the JCPOA, again subject to wind down periods, including General License H, which authorised U.S.-owned or controlled foreign entities to engage in certain activities involving Iran.
此外，美国还计划撤销联合行动计划规定的旨在放松制裁措施发放的特别及通用授权，(同样也适用于缓冲期)，包括授权美国人拥有或者控制的外国实体从事涉伊交易的H类通用授权。
The Group will continue to engage with the relevant U.S. and EU regulatory bodies on these issues with a view to obtaining further clarity especially with regard to implementation of the reinstatement of sanctions in the U.S. and the impact this will have in relation to shipowners’ liability and club cover. In the meantime, members should contact their clubs directly for advice/guidance in relation to the provision of their insurance cover arrangements and / or take legal advice from specialist lawyers.
国际保赔集团将继续与美国及欧盟监管机构保持联络，以便澄清美国重启制裁措施的实施情况及对船东责任和协会承保的影响。如果会员有任何保险安排或者法律咨询方面的问题，请及时联系协会或者咨询专业律师。
Further information on the issues raised in this circular can be obtained by clicking the links to US based law firms Freehill, Hogan & Mahar click here and Gibson Dunn click here.
点击链接查看美国律所Freehill, Hogan & Mahar以及Gibson Dunn通函，以获得关于本议题的更多信息：
https://www.gibsondunn.com/trump-administration-pulls-the-plug-on-iran-nuclear-agreement/
All clubs in the International Group have issued a similar Circular.
国际保赔集团所有协会均发布类似通函。
通函内容，请以英文原文为准，汉语翻译仅供参考。
如您对上述内容有任何疑问，新乔十分乐意为您解答并提供帮助。
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